William D. Gregory, Ph.D. 

Professor

Interests and Expertise
1) Electrical properties of matter, divided into two different areas:
a) Inanimate materials of interest, particularly contraband such as explosives, illegal drugs or poisons.
b) Animate materials, i.e. biological tissues.
2) Superconductivity
3) Computer integrated manufacturing

Current research concentrates on 1b) above, particularly in vitro studies of tissues extracted during breast surgery and a follow on in vivo study of the electrical properties of volunteer patients scheduled for breast biopsies. The purpose of these studies is to develop an improved modality to screen for breast cancer. Early results with the tissue studies indicate substantial improvement over the most commonly used current screening modality, x-ray mammograms

Recent Publications
VIII. PUBLICATIONS

Journals and conference proceedings

The Superconducting Transition and Critical Field of Pure Gallium Single Crystals, (with T.P. Sheahen and J.F. Cochran) Phys. Rev. 150, 314 (1966).

Boundary Scattering in Superconductors, Phys. Rev. Letters 20, 53 (1968).

The Superconducting Transition Width in Pure Gallium Single Crystals, Phys. Rev. 165, 556 (1968).

Radiative Emission at the Ta Energy Gap Frequency in Ta-Al Point Contacts (with L. Leopold, D. Repici, and J. Bostock), Physics Letters 29A, 131 (1969).

Observation of Stimulated Radiative Emission from Normal to Superconducting Point Contacts (with L. Leopold and D. Repici), Can. J. Phys. 47, 1711 (1969).

Stimulated Emission from Normal to Superconducting Metal Junctions (with L. Leopold and J. Bostock), Can. J. Phys. 47, 1167 (1969).

Frequency Measurement of Radiation from Normal to Superconducting Point Contact Junctions (with L. Leopold, D. Repici, and R.F. Averill), Physics Letters 39A, 507 (1969).

Production of Thin Metallic Single Crystals (with M. A. Superata), Journal of Crystal Growth 7, 5 (1970).

The Effects of Specimen Thickness on Superconducting Critical Temperature of Indium (with M. A. Superata and P.J. Carroll), Phys. Rev. 3, 85 (1971).

The Use of Commercial Crush Ring Flanges for Vacuum Seals in Superfluid Helium (with P.J. Carroll and D. Repici), Rev. Sci. Instr. 41, 142 (1970).

The Effects of Boundary Scattering on the Critical Temperatures of Superconductors (with P.J. Carroll and M. A. Superata), Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of Low Temperature Physics, Kyoto, Japan, 317 (1970).

Radiative Emission from N-S Point Contacts (with L. Leopold, D. Repici, R.F. Averill, and J. Bostock), Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics, Kyoto, Japan (1970).

Study of the Energy Gaps of Single Crystal Gallium and Polycrystal Aluminum Films with High Impedance Tunnel Junctions (with J.C. Keister and L. S. Straus), J. Appl. Phys. 42 642 (1971).

Selection Rules for Tunneling into Single Crystal Superconductors (with R.F. Averill and L.S. Straus), Phys. Rev. Letters 27, 1503 (1971).

Tunneling Measurements of the Superconducting Energy Gap of Bulk Polycrystalline Indium (with R.F. Averill and L.S. Straus), App. Phys. Lett. 20, 55 (1972).

The Superconductor Maser: A Calculation of Gain from the Two Level Model and the BCS Theory, and Some New Experimental Results (with W. N. Mathews, Jr., L. Leopold, J. Bostock and J. George), Proceedings of the 1972 Applied Superconductivity Conference, IEEE Publ. No. 72CH0682-5-TABSC
(1972), P. 691.

Obtaining a Consistent Set of Thermodynamic Variables for Real Superconductors (with J. Bostock and W. N. Mathews, Jr.), Physics Status Solidi, February 1974.

Radiation Generation and Detection Characteristics of Arrays of Point Contact Josephson Junctions (with D. J. Repici, L. Leopold, M. Behravesh and T. Thompson) Proceedings of the 1972 Superconductivity Conference, IEEE Pub. No. 72CH0682-5-TABSC (1971), p. 701.

Bulk Tunneling Measurements of the Superconducting Energy Gaps of Gallium, Indium and Aluminum (with L.S. Straus, R. F. Averill, J.C. Keister and . Chapman), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Low Temperature Physics, (Boulder, 1971).

Phenomenological Theories of Superconductivity, in The Science and Technology of Superconductivity, edited by W. D. Gregory, W. N. Mathews, Jr., and E.A. Edelsack, (Plenum), New York, 1973). p. 25.

Superconductivity in Very Pure Metals, in The Science and Technology of Superconductivity, edited by
W. D. Gregory, W.N. Mathews, Jr., and E. A. Edelsack, (Plenum, New York, 1973), p. 211.

The Use of the Interbase Resistance of the Unijunction Transistor as a Thermometer in the 20-300K Range, (with R. Janick and J.N. Lechevet), Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 1456 (1974).

Commercial Uses of Superconductivity: Present and Future, (with W. N. Mathews, Jr., R. D. Ladd and D. A. Krieger), in Applications of Cryogenic Technology, Volume 5, edited by Robert H. Carr, (Scholium International, Inc., New York 1972).

Effects of Laser Irradiation on Weak Link Devices, (with R. Janick, L. Morelli, N.C. Cirillo, Jr., J.N. Lechevet, and W. L. Goodman), IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, MAG-II, 687 (1974).

An Analysis of Evidence for Superconducting Energy Gap and Pairing Interaction Anisotropy for Two Types of Experiments, (with A. J. Grekas, S. Horn and L. Morelli), Anisotropy Effects in Superconductors (1977) Plenum, New York. Edited by Harold W. Weber.

Evidence of Morphological and Physiological Transformation of Mammalian Cells by Strong Magnetic Fields, (with G. I. Malinin, L. Morelli, V. K. Sharma and J.C. Houck), Science, November 19, 1976, 194, pp. 844-846.

The Effective Medium Model Applied to Superconductors, (with L. Morelli), Proceedings of the Conference on Electrical and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Materials, Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio, 1978).

Dielectric Constant and Conductivity of Explosive Materials from D.C. to 10kHz, (with L. Morelli), Proceedings of the Conference on Electrical and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Materials, Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio, 1978).

Effects on Cells Exposed to Magnetic Fields at Low Temperatures, (with G. Malinin, and L. Morelli), Proceedings of the Conference on Biophysical Effects of Magnetic Fields, (Berkeley, CA 1978).

Spatial Correlation on Non-equilibrium Effects in Super-conductors: Optical Excitation, (with R .Janick and L. Morelli), Physics Letters 88A, 100 (1981).

Technology Transfer by Spin-off Companies Versus Licensing, William D. Gregory and Thomas P. Sheahan, Proceedings of the Conference on the University Spin-off Corporation, April 24-27, 1988, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.

Electrical Property Tomography Using the Correlation of Exterior-to-Interior Induced Currents, W. D. Gregory, D. A. McRae and C.W. Gregory, J. of the Fed. For Med. And Bio. Engineering 35, Supplement Part I, 325 (1997)

Conference abstracts

The Superconducting Transition in Thin Gallium Single Crystals, (with J.F. Cochran), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 11,345 (1966).

The Effect of Boundary Scattering on the Tc of Superconductors, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 11,668 (1967).

Oral Paper for Reference 5 Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 14, 398 (1969).

Oral Paper for Reference 6 Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 14, 398 (1969).

Tunneling into Bulk Gallium Single Crystals (with J.C. Keister and L. Straus), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 14, 634 (1969).

Possible Current Channeling Effects Seen in Low Temperature Resistivity Measurements on Single Crystal, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 15, 251 (1970).

Frequency Measurement of Energy Gap Radiation from Normal-Superconducting Point Contact Junction (with L. Leopold, D. Repici, R.F. Averill, and J. Bostock), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 15, 320 (1970).

Stimulated Emission from Normal-Superconducting Junction (with J. Bostock, W.N. Mathews, Jr., and L. Leopold, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.15, 321 (1970).

Superconductive Tunneling into Gallium Single Crystals (with J.C. Keister and L .S. Straus), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 15, 321 (1970).

Superconductive Tunneling in High Impedance Al-A1203; Pb Junctions (with L .S. Straus and J.C. Keister), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.15, 321 (1970).

The Effect of Specimen Thickness on the Superconducting Critical Temperature of Single Crystal Indium Plates (with M. A. Superata and P.J. Carroll), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 15, 342 (1970).

Superconductivity in Fast Frozen In-Ga Alloys (with P.J. Carroll, S. Horn, and J.H. Colwell), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 16, 331 (1971).

Observation of Peak in Resistive Component of the A.C. Susceptibility Above Tc (with P.J. Carroll), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.16, 331 (1971).

Laser-Induced Non-equilibrium Effects on the Transmission of 100 CHZ Microwave Radiation in Superconducting Aluminum Thin Films (with L. Morelli, J.N. Lechevet, L. Leopold), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., March 1974, Series II, 19, No. 3.

Effect of Specimen Thickness on the Superconducting Critical of Temperatures in Zn, Ga, Al, In, Sn, and Pb, (with S. B. Horn), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., March 1974, Series II, 19, No. 3.

Measurements on Anisotropic Superconductors as a Probe of the Superconducting and Normal State, (with V.R. Kalvey), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., March 1974, Series II, 19, No. 3.

The Effect of Laser Radiation on the Electrical Conductivity of Thin Superconducting Aluminum Films, (with J.N. Lechevet, L. Morelli, L. Leopold), Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.19, 438 (1974).

Patents
US Patents

William D. Gregory, Lutz Leopold (USA), "Superconducting Electromagnetic Radiation Device," Patent No. 3,643,176, Issued February 15, 1972

William D. Gregory (USA), "Liquid Vaporization Calorimeter," Patent No. 3,665,761, Issued May 30, 1972

William D. Gregory, Larry H. Capots (USA), "Method and Apparatus for Identifying Conducive Objects by Monitoring the True Resistive Component of Impedance Change in a Coil System Caused by the Object", Patent No. 4,263,551, Issued April 21, 1981

William D. Gregory, Luigi Morelli (USA), "Identification of Materials Using Their Complex Dielectric Response," Patent No. 4,370,611, Issued January 25, 1983.

William D. Gregory (USA), "Apparatus and Method for Image Reproduction of Material Using Their Magnetic and Electric Properties," Patent No. 4,493,039, Issued January 8, 1985.

William D. Gregory (USA), "Frequency Dependent Identification of Materials," Patent No. 4,881,025, Issued November 14, 1989.

William D. Gregory (PCT), "Electrical Property Enhanced Tomography (EPET) Apparatus and Method", Application No. PCT/US98/19223, Filed September 10, 1998

Foreign Patents (derivative from the US patents)

William D. Gregory, Larry H. Capots, Luigi Morelli (Austria), "Detection Apparatus and Method for Identification of Conducting Objects," Patent No. 528,607, Filed 4/27/79, Published 5/5/83, Issued 9/5/83.

William D. Gregory, Larry H. Capots, James George, Richard Janik (Canada), "Detection Apparatus and Method for Identification of Conducting Objects," Serial No. 326,644, Patent No. 1,157,096, Filed 4/30/79, Issued 11/15/83.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, James George, Richard Janik (France), "Procede et appareil pour 1' identification d’objects dissimules conducteurs de 1' electricite," Serial No. 7912313, Filed 5/15/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, James George, Richard Janik (German), "Verfahren und Systemanordnung zur Identifizierung von leitfahigen Gegenstanden," Serial No. P2837265.8, Filed 8/25/78.

William D. Gregory (GB), "Detection Apparatus and Method for Identification of Conducting Objects."

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, James George, Richard Janik (Israel), "System and Method for Identifying Objects Having Conductive Properties," Serial No. 57361, Filed 5/22/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, James George, Richard Janik (Italy), "Sisema e Metodo Per L’Identificazione Per Oggetti Dotati Di Proprieta Conduttive," Serial No. 23004/A/79, Filed 5/25/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, James George, Richard Janik (Japan), "Systems and Method for Identifying Objects Having Conductive Properties," Serial No. 66263/79, Filed 5/30/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, James George, Richard Janik (Netherlands), "Systeem En Werkwijze Voor Identificatle Van Voorwerpen MET Geleldende Elgenschappen," Serial No. 7903965, Filed 5/21/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, James George, Richard Janik (Sweden), "System och metod for att identifiera foremal som har konduktiva egenskaper," Serial No. 7904329-5, Filed 5/17/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, James George, Richard Janik (Switzerland), "Verfahren und Systemanordnung zur identifizierung von leitfahigen Gegnstanden," Serial No. 4715/79, Filed 5/21/79.

William D. Gregory (Argentina), "Identification of materials Using Their Complex Dielectric Response," Serial No. 274, 299, Filed 10/31/78.

William D. Gregory, Luigi Morelli, Larry Capots (Austria), "Identification of Materials Using Their Complex Dielectric Response," Serial No. 11288/83, Filed 2/9/83.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, (Canada), "Identification of Materials Using Their Complex Dielectric Response," Serial No. 1,142,228, Filed 10/31/78, Issued 3/1/83.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlke, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (France), "Identification de Maieres en Employant des Caracteristiques Complexes de Reponse Dielectrique," Serial No. 7923303, Filed 11/1/78.


William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlke, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (Germany), "Identifizierung von Materialien Mittels Ihres Komplexen Dielektrischen Verhaltens," Serial No. P2857389.9, Filed 9/28/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlke, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (G.B.) "Identification of Materials Using Their Complex Dielectric Response," Serial No. 7935269, Patent No. 2041533, Filed 11/1/78, Published date 1/26/83, Issued 9/10/80.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlike, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (Israel), "Identification of Materials Using Their Complex Dielectric Reponse," Serial No. 57136, Filed 4/25/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlke, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (Italy), "Metodo ed Apparecchio per l’Identificazione di Materiali," Serial No. 29252A/78, Filed 10/30/78.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlke, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (Japan), "Identification of Materials Using Their Complex Dielectric Response," Serial No. 54-500074, Filed 7/5/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlke, III, (Netherlands), "Identificatie van Materialen met Behulp van hun Gecomplicaerde Dielektriciteitaaanwijzing," Serial No. 7815048, Filed 9/13/79.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlke, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (Sweden), "Materialidentifikation Baserad pa Materialets Komplexa Dieletriska Egenskaper," Serial NO. 80/00554-9, Filed 8/21/81.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlke, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (Switzerland), “Identifizierung von Materialien Mittels Ihres Komplexen Dielektrischen Verhaltens,” Serial No. 3393/
80-0, filed 11/1/73.

William D. Gregory (Austria), "Apparatus and Method for Image Reproduction of Materials Using Their Magnetic and Electric Properties," Serial No. 71,756/81, Filed 5/6/81.

William D. Gregory (Canada), "Apparatus and Method for Image Reproduction of Materials Using Their Magnetic and Electric Properties," Serial No. 377,870, Filed 7/21/81.

William D. Gregory (EPC), "Apparatus and Method for Image Reproduction of Materials Using Their Magnetic and Electric Properties," Serial No. 81901451.5, Filed 5/6/81.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, Luigi Morelli, John Muhlke, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (Japan), "Apparatus and Method for Image Reproduction of Materials Using Their Magnetic and Electric Properties," Serial No. 57-076765, Filed 1/10/82.

William D. Gregory, Larry Capots, John Muhlke, III, Thomas Nolan, Jr. (USA), "Identification of Materials Using Their Complex Dielectric Response," Serial No. 389,084, Filed 6/16/83.

William D. Gregory, Lutz Leopold (France), "Superconducting Electromagnetic Radiation Device."

William D. Gregory, Lutz Leopold (Germany), "Superconducting Electromagnetic Radiation Device."

William D. Gregory, Lutz Leopold (Holland), "Superconducting Electromagnetic Radiation Device."

William D. Gregory, Lutz Leopold (GB), "Superconducting Electromagnetic Radiation Device."

William D. Gregory, Lutz Leopold (Japan), "Superconducting Electromagnetic Radiation Device."

William D. Gregory, Lutz Leopold (Canada), "Superconducting Electromagnetic Radiation Device."

Books

Contributed chapter titled "Surveying Commercial Applications of Superconductivity" to Applications of Cryogenic Technology, Volume 5. Edited by Robert H. Carr, Scholium International, Inc., New York, 1972.

The Science and Technology of Superconductivity, (Plenum, New York, 1973); Editor with W. N. Mathews, Jr., and E. A. Edelsack. Also wrote two chapters for this book.

Contributed chapter entitled "Superconductivity in Alloys, Compounds, Mixtures, and Organic Materials" to Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering, Michael Beaver, Editor, Pergamon Press, New York, 1984.

Education
Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology
B.S., Georgetown University